How rocks are formed

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The minerals and organic matter are the basic bricks to form the earth's crust rocks, and the various organic materials that are composed of them. There are sporadic rocks formed from sand and gravel, other ceramics made of clay, a third limestone formed of marble and a fourth carbon formed from coal. Each species will be caused by certain factors, and we will talk about the types of rocks and the mechanism of each species to be concise in this article.

The rocks are made up of pyrotechnic rocks, which are formed by the exhaustion and frost of the magma found in the ground. The igneous rocks are considered to be the basis of the formation of all rocks. Examples are granite and basalt rock. The most important characteristics of igneous rocks are: Above each other.

The presence of fossils, ie, the remains of living organisms, including girls and animals, is absent.

They vary in size according to their quality.

They do not contain protrusions between their granules and are therefore silent rocks.

Resist the weather fluctuations of wind, rain, and heat.

It contains a large proportion of metals and therefore its color tends to darken.

Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks formed after the breakage of the old rocks due to weathering and erosion factors, and then transported by wind or rain in the form of deposits accumulated in low areas, and then obtained cohesion and hardening by the passage of years, and can be classified into four categories according to the factors leading to composition as follows: Resulting from physical mechanical pressure on it called the chalk rocks such as: conglomerates, bricia, jeraniums, sand rocks and mud rocks.

Rocks result from chemical weathering, such as limestone, dolomite.

Rocks resulting from deposition of silica material such as flint and chrysanthemum.

Organic rocks resulting from animal and plant residues such as: coal, phosphate, coke, and chalk.

The most important properties of sedimentary rocks:

It is fragile because it is made up of successive layers, and this is shown by digging and cracks in its composition. Rich in fossils. Their colors are light. Metamorphic rocks The metamorphic rocks formed as a result of extreme heat, extreme pressure, or both. They were originally rock or sedimentary rocks. They were called transient rocks because they were transformed from one type to another. Examples include marble, slate and quartzite.

The most important properties of metamorphic rocks:

Its colors are numerous. The characteristics of the rock before the transformation, whether the origin of the fire and the properties of rock igneous, or sedimentary characteristics of the same. Possibility to be found in active tectonic areas.

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The largest earthquake in the world

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Earthquake is a natural phenomenon occurring on Earth. It is known as one or more vibration vibrations produced by the movement of rock plates located on the earth's layers. The earthquake is caused by rock sliding, the occurrence of the tectonic earthquake and volcanic eruption, and the presence of trapped energy stored in the earth , And the thickness of the crust of the earth, which includes cracks and faults, and today the world could not determine the time of earthquakes, despite the knowledge of all seismic zones and their belts.

The world's most powerful economy

The Shanxi earthquake, also known as the Hao Earthquake, occurred in the year 1556 AD on January 23 in Shanxi Province of the People's Republic of China, one of the largest earthquakes in the world, affecting more than 97 provinces. Shanxi, with 830,000 victims, and destroyed an 840-km-2 spot.

The earthquake in Sichuan in 2008 occurred on May 12 in Sichuan Province in the southern part of the People's Republic of China, measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale, with 62,664 dead, 288,431 wounded, 23,775 missing, A 6.1-magnitude earthquake on May 17.

The Indian Ocean earthquake occurred in December 2004 on the Indian Ocean floor off the west coast of Sumatra island in Indonesia. It was 9.1 on the Richter scale and had a total population of 227,898. India, Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.

The earthquake in Haiti took place in 2010 on the 12th of January, with a magnitude of 7.0_7.3 on the Richter scale, with 230,000 dead, 220,000 injured, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

The earthquake of Aleppo occurred in 1138 on the 11th of October in the city of Aleppo in the north of Syria, and the magnitude of 8.5 on the Richter scale, the number of victims 230,000 dead.

The Valdivia earthquake occurred in 1960 on May 22 in the southern part of Chile, with a magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter scale. The number of victims was 1,655, and 3,000 injured, and several tsunamis affected the Alushian Islands in Alaska, East Australia, Eastern New Zealand, the Philippines, Hawaii, South Chile and Japan.

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The largest volcano in the world

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Volcanoes are exits in the earth's crust emitted by a group of gases, magma, and vapors in the ground to their surface, accompanied by the exit of these substances sometimes heavy explosions.

Three main types of ballistics come out of volcanoes: solid projectiles called Tephra, liquid projectiles called Lava, and gas projectiles.

The volcano consists of three parts: the cone, the shape of the volcano, formed from the magma that emerged from the volcano and gathered on its sides, and the second part is the nozzle; formed after the eruption of the eruption, the volcano may have more than a secondary nozzle beside the main nozzle , And the third part is called Kasbah; it has other names such as channel and neck, and magma runs through the casbah from the ground, to the central hole on the surface of the volcano, and vary volcanoes by different size, height, and area.

The largest volcano in the world

The volcano has been discovered by Professor William Sager of the University of Houston, who has studied the volcano for nearly 20 years and has proved that Tamo Massif is the largest A volcano in the world, with an area of ​​120 thousand square miles, that is about the size of New Mexico.

The volcano is located in the Pacific Ocean 1,600 kilometers east of Japan, with a peak of almost 2,000 meters below sea level, estimated to be about 145 million years old.

During the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous period, the volcano erupted from volcanic lava from the center of the volcano to its cold, layer-by-layer facades. Tamo Masif's activity ceased millions of years after its formation.

Professor William Sager says scientists are trying to figure out exactly how Tamo Masif is, as well as more work on peripheral plateaus and volcanoes that may be underwater.

Several factors have contributed to the delayed detection of the Tamo Masev volcano, including the remote location that made access to information very difficult. Tamo Masev has no clear mountain, while most of the volcanoes are clear mountains, It was believed that the volcano was a group of volcanoes, but the geochemical analysis proved that the lava came out of the same source, ie from one nozzle, so Tamo Masif is considered the largest volcano in the world.

The most destructive volcanoes in the world

Volcanoes differ from each other in the amount of destruction that ensues after each eruption, but there are volcanoes are the most destructive, including:

Mount Pelee: Pele volcano overlooks Saint Pierre in the Caribbean Sea and is 1,200 meters high.

In 1902, in April, dust and heavy dust burst from it. In May of that same year, quantities of mud burst from it, destroying a sugar factory and killing a number of people. In the year and the month themselves, the volcano erupted. A large population of 30 thousand.

Vesuvius volcano: located in Italy in the city of Pompeii on the west coast of Italy, overlooking the coast of Naples, whose revolution was described in 79 AD as devastating, as it left a great destruction to the city of Pompeii. This volcano erupted again in 1631 and killed 18000 people, Vesuvius is the only active volcano in continental Europe, and although its last revolution was in 1944, it still poses a great threat to the cities surrounding it.

Types of volcanoes

Volcanoes are classified according to their form and constituents to:

 Drain volcanoes: When the lava is low viscosity from several vents and accumulates on top of each other, it is a wide dome shaped mountain shaped like a mountain. The volcanic eruptions are composed of shields, often with several secondary nozzles as well as the main nozzle.

One example is the Mona Lisa volcano in Hawaii.

Granular cones: These cones are formed when the pressure of gas on the low viscosity magma near the crater of the volcano, which causes a violent explosion from the crater, leading to the formation of a conical mountain.

The Barikotin volcano in Mexico is an example of cone volcanoes.

Composite volcanoes: Volcanoes are a medium between the volcanic and conical volcanoes. These volcanoes are composed of a mixture of Lava flows and Tefra explosions, which accumulate to form layers around the crater, forming a conical mountain tower.

Examples of volcanoes are the Mayon volcano in the Philippines.

Most active volcanoes in the world

Mount Yasur Volcano: Mount Yasur is an active volcano, located on the island of Tana, part of the Vanuatu archipelago in the South Pacific.

The Yasur volcano erupted for 111 years, continuously every three to four minutes. In May 2010, a cloud of the Yasur volcano rose in the air, reaching a height of about 1,828 meters and spreading to about 340 square kilometers.

Mount Bromo: Mount Bromo is a rocky block in East Java, Indonesia, with a height of about 2329 meters. The Mount Bromo volcano is a sacred place where the Kasada Festival is held. In addition, Tourist destination tourists come to see the ash rising from it and seeing the early sunrise.

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Types of natural disasters

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disasters

Earth

The Earth is affected by the changes that occur, whether these changes are small or large, because whatever their impact may appear small at first but with the passage of days and years these small changes become very large.

One of the greatest examples of land changes:

Mountains and mountains have been formed over the years, or continents have moved away from each other, and some have moved towards each other; this has resulted in many natural phenomena that have changed the surface of the surface.

These natural phenomena are accompanied by some of the damage that may reach disasters, which are known as natural disasters. What are natural disasters? Natural disasters Natural disasters are all natural phenomena that cause great damage to human beings and threaten their lives and existence. The disaster is all that causes destruction to humans. For example, a disaster has been solved, which has a great cause that causes great harm.

Types of natural disasters

Earthquakes

Earthquakes occur as a result of rock movements in the ground, and these earthquakes caused destruction on the surface of the earth from the fall of buildings and buildings, and the outbreak of fires, and the interruption of electricity, and the explosion of water pipes, sewage pipes, and gas pipelines.

Volcanoes

Since ancient times, there have been nozzles from which gases and vapors come out. These volcanoes are called volcanoes. The molten rocks in the ground begin to rise to the surface, penetrating the rock layers in search of an outlet. When the outlet is found, it is the result of the internal pressure that flows up through the crater. Known as the magma, this magma flows on the surface of the earth and gradually begins to cool the problem of the fiery rock, but these gases, vapors and magma destroys every existence of life in the area it reaches.

Weather

Climate change can cause a lot of natural disasters and these weather factors: Storms are multiple storms that can cause great damage to humans and their society. For example, if these storms carry small dust and sand particles accompanied by strong winds, they may affect the health of human life and are called storms These storms may carry cold, snow, ice or heavy rain.

The hot and cold waves too

High temperatures are significantly reduced or reduced by disasters that may threaten human life and survival, and may affect the survival of other organisms from animals and plants and thus threaten human life.

Drought

Drought is a natural disaster that can threaten the existence of a human being; life can not continue without water, and organisms can not survive for long without water.

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Tornadoes

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disasters

Hurricanes are hurricanes, violent storms with spiral winds, in which the high-pressure cold winds sway around the low-pressure static winds. The storm then emerges from the water to the ground, losing its speed to contact the land after destroying everything that passes on land. The cyclone moves in curved lines or straight lines. Cyclone rotation varies in each of the northern hemispheres in which the cyclone rotates counterclockwise, while in the southern hemisphere the cyclone rotates clockwise, called cyclones or cyclones Or tropical; because they arise over the seas and tropical oceans in the summer and autumn.

Hurricane parts

 The cyclone consists of parts: the center area, which is the eye of the hurricane, and is characterized by calmness. The cyclone wall, dense clouds, thunderstorms, lightning, and heavy rain, is characterized by the cyclone's eye and violent vertical movements.

Types of hurricanes

The types of hurricanes are classified according to the Fujita ladder and are classified according to their speed, destruction and the losses that they leave.

Light Cyclone: ​​It is a first-class hurricane with a wind speed of 133-118 km / h, with minor damage to some of the damage in the plantations, the moving of moving houses, and the destruction of equipment on rooftops.

Cyclone is a second-class hurricane with a wind speed of 118-180 km per hour. Its damage is moderate. It uproots light trees, cracks large trees, overturns cars, uproot tents and break windows.

Strong hurricane: It is a third-class hurricane, with a wind speed of 181-210 km per hour. Large trees break down, break the roofs of buildings, uproot roofs, and overturn cars.

A very strong typhoon: a typhoon of the fourth degree, with winds of 210-250 km per hour, destroying houses, especially roofs, uprooting trees, cutting off power lines, and closing roads.

Heavy Hurricane: Hurricane 5, with winds of 251-350 km / h, destroys houses and land, carrying large pieces over long distances.

A powerful hurricane: a typhoon of magnitude 6, with a wind speed of more than 420 kilometers per hour, has not yet come on the ground, but it has assumed a presumption of computers.

The most famous hurricanes have occurred

Hurricane Nancy, signed in 1961, in the Western Pacific.

The Bangladesh cyclone occurred in 1970 in the Bangladesh region of India, killing 300,000 people.

Hurricane Tracy, signed in 1974, in the Australian coast area.

Typhoon Forrest, signed in 1983, in the Pacific Northwest, was the most hurricane speed.

Hurricane Gilbert, signed in 1988, in the Mexican region, and continued the hurricane for a long time.

Hurricane Andrew, signed in 1992, in the United States, estimated at $ 25 billion.

Hurricane John took place in 1994 in Australia, killing more than 8,000 people.

Hurricane Mitch, signed in 1998, in the Central American region and some parts of North America, was more devastating.

Hurricane Katrina, Sandy and Irene, signed in 2011, and their losses were very large.

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